When you learn, remember, and recall information, you are using crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Thurstone argued against Spearman’s concept of one general factor, citing evidence that intelligence is made up of seven independent factors: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning. Others psychologists believe that instead of a single factor, intelligence is a collection of distinct abilities. Long before modern psychology developed, however, ancient philosophers, such as Aristotle, held a similar view (Cianciolo & Sternberg, 2004). Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique. British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. What exactly is intelligence? The way that researchers have defined the concept of intelligence has been modified many times since the birth of psychology (see Table 7.1). Mental activities involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one’s life. The ability to plan and structure one’s behaviour with an end in view.Ībility to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered. The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment.Īdjustment or adaptation of the individual to his total environment. The ability to educe (infer) relations or correlates. The tendency to take and maintain a definite direction, the capacity to make adaptations for the purpose of attaining a desired end, and the power of autocriticism. Identify the difference between intelligence theories.Explain the triarchic theory of intelligence.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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