difficile is one of the most representative clostridial species to cause human disease and has been well investigated. innocuum poses the risk for inappropriate treatment for patients who acquire C. difficile, intrinsic resistance to vancomycin in C. Although vancomycin is one of the recommended antimicrobial drugs to treat infections caused by Clostridium species, especially C. innocuum is necessary because of its unique intrinsic resistance to vancomycin, presumably caused by the presence of 2 chromosomal genes that enable the synthesis of a peptidoglycan precursor terminating in serine with low vancomycin affinity ( 9, 11). innocuum infection with a large enough cohort of patients to describe its clinical characteristics. However, we are not aware of a study of C. innocuum might be a potential cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and of extraintestinal clostridial infection (EICI), such as bacteremia, intra-abdominal infection, and endocarditis ( 8– 10). Although the bacterium was considered less pathogenic and seldom caused infections previously, more and more clinical evidence has emerged since 2000s, suggesting C. reported the first case of endocarditis caused by C. innocuum has become faster and more accurate after the introduction of molecular techniques such as 16S RNA sequencing and matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry ( 6). clostridioforme, together called the RIC group) because of their similar phenotypes of atypical clostridial colonial morphology, rare spore-forming features, and fatty acid pattern ( 3– 5). innocuum from other Clostridium species (especially C. innocuum was first identified in the 1960s among 8 patients in the United States the name, innocuum, described its lack of virulence ( 1, 2). innocuum has rarely been described as associated with human disease.Ĭ. perfringens and Clostridioides difficile. Of the >200 species of Clostridium, >30 are potential pathogens in humans, such as C. innocuum identified from clinical specimens should be recognized as a pathogen requiring treatment, and because of its intrinsic vancomycin resistance, precise identification is necessary to guide appropriate and timely antimicrobial therapy.Ĭlostridium species are obligate anaerobic, endospore-forming bacilli that usually colonize in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Chronic kidney disease, solid tumor, intensive care unit admission, and shock status were 4 independent risk factors for death. innocuum–infected patients was 14.5%, and the overall rate was 23.0%. innocuum–infected patients experienced more extraintestinal clostridial infection and gastrointestinal tract–related complications than did patients with CDI. The baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. innocuum-infected patients during 2014–2019 in Taiwan, using 304 cases of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) matched by diagnosis year, age ( +2 years), and sex as controls. We conducted a case–control study involving 152 C. Vancomycin-resistant Clostridium innocuum was recently identified as an etiologic agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans.
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